18 U.S.C. 1030: Fraud and related activity in connection with computers

2020

• Pub. L. 116–179, §2(1), added subpar. (C). Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 116–179, §2(2)–(4), added pars. (13) and (14). Law text · (e), (14)

2008

• Pub. L. 110–326, §203, struck out "if the conduct involved an interstate or foreign communication" after "computer". Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(1), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) of subpar. (A) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, substituted "damage and loss." for "damage; and" in subpar. (C), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §205, amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "with intent to extort from any person any money or other thing of value, transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to cause damage to a protect… Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §206, inserted "conspires to commit or" after "Whoever". Law text · (b)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(2)(A), struck out "(a)(5)(A)(iii)," after "(a)(3),". Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(2)(B), struck out "(a)(5)(A)(iii)," after "(a)(4),". Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(2)(C), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) related to fines and imprisonment for intentionally or recklessly causing damage to a protected computer without authorization. Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(2)(D), struck out par. (5) which related to fine or imprisonment for knowingly or recklessly causing or attempting to cause serious bodily injury or death from certain conduct damaging a protected computer. Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §207, inserted "or affecting" after "which is used in". Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(3)(B), in the third sentence, substituted "subsection (c)(4)(A)(i)(I)" for "subsection (a)(5)(B)(i)". Law text · (g)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §204(a)(3)(A), which directed substitution of "in subclauses (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) of subsection (c)(4)(A)(i)" for "in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B)" in the second sentence, was executed by making the substitution for "in clause (i), (ii), … Law text · (g)
• Pub. L. 110–326, §208, added subsecs. (i) and (j). Law text · (i), (j)

2002

• Pub. L. 107–273, §4005(a)(3), realigned margins. (21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 107–273, §4002(b)(1), realigned margins. (21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–273, §4002(b)(12)(A), inserted "and" at end. (21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–273, §4005(d)(3), inserted comma after "(a)(4)". (21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–296, §2207(g)(2), formerly §225(g)(2), as renumbered by Pub. L. 115–278, §2(g)(2)(I), inserted "except as provided in paragraph (5)," before "a fine under this title". (Homeland Security Act of 2002) Law text · (c), (C)
• Pub. L. 107–296, §2207(g)(1), (3), (4), formerly §225(g)(1), (3), (4), as renumbered by Pub. L. 115–278, §2(g)(2)(I), added par. (5). (Homeland Security Act of 2002) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–273, §4002(b)(12)(B), substituted semicolon for period at end. (21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act) Law text · (e)

2001

• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(a)(1)–(3), designated existing provisions as cl. (i), redesignated subpars. (B) and (C) as cls. (ii) and (iii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and inserted "and" at end of cl. (iii). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(a)(4), added subpar. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated cl. (ii) of subpar. (A). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(a)(2), redesignated subpar. (C) as cl. (iii) of subpar. (A). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(b), struck out ", firm, association, educational institution, financial institution, government entity, or other legal entity," before "any money or other thing of value". (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(c)(1)(A), inserted "except as provided in subparagraph (B)," before "a fine", substituted "(a)(5)(A)(iii)" for "(a)(5)(C)", and struck out "and" at end. (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(c)(1)(B), inserted "or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph," after "subsection (a)(2)," in introductory provisions. (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(c)(1)(C), struck out "and" at end. (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(c)(2), struck out ", (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B)," after "subsection (a)(4)" in subpars. (A) and (B) and substituted "(a)(5)(A)(iii)" for "(a)(5)(C)" in subpar. (B). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(c)(3), added par. (4). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §506(a), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: "The United States Secret Service shall, in addition to any other agency having such authority, have the authority to investigate offenses under subsections (a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), (a… (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (d)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(d)(1), inserted ", including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States" before semicolon. (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(d)(2), struck out "and" at end. (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(d)(3), added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "the term 'damage' means any impairment to the integrity or availability of data, a program, a system, or information, that— (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(d)(4), (5), added pars. (10) to (12). (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 107–56, §814(e), substituted "A civil action for a violation of this section may be brought only if the conduct involves 1 of the factors set forth in clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B). Damages for a violation involving only conduct described in subs… (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001) Law text · (g)

1996

• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(A), substituted "having knowingly accessed" for "knowingly accesses", "exceeding authorized access" for "exceeds authorized access", "such conduct having obtained information" for "such conduct obtains information", and "could be used to the injury of the Un… (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(B), inserted dash after "thereby obtains", redesignated remainder of par. (2) as subpar. (A), and added subpars. (B) and (C). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(C), inserted "nonpublic" before "computer of a department or agency", struck out "adversely" after "and such conduct", and substituted "that use by or for the Government of the United States" for "the use of the Government's operation of such computer". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(D), substituted "protected computer" for "Federal interest computer" and inserted "and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any 1-year period" before semicolon at end. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(E), inserted par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which related to fraud in connection with computers in causing transmission of program, information, code, or command to a computer or computer system in interstate or foreign commerce which damages such s… (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §604(b)(36)(A), which directed insertion of "or" at end of subsec., could not be executed because no subsec. (a)(5)(B)(ii)(II)(bb) existed subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(E). See above. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(1)(F), added par. (7). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (a)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(A), substituted "under this section" for "under such subsection" in subpars. (A) and (B). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §604(b)(36)(B), struck out "and" after semicolon at end. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(B)(i), inserted ", (a)(5)(C)," after "(a)(3)" and substituted "under this section" for "under such subsection". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(B)(iii), added subpar. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(B)(iv), substituted "under this section" for "under such subsection" and inserted "and" at end. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(B)(ii), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(C)(i), substituted "(a)(4), (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B), or (a)(7)" for "(a)(4) or (a)(5)(A)" and "under this section" for "under such subsection". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(C)(ii), substituted "(a)(4), (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B), (a)(5)(C), or (a)(7)" for "(a)(4) or (a)(5)" and "under this section" for "under such subsection". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(2)(D), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(5)(B)." (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (c)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(3), inserted "subsections (a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5), and (a)(6) of" before "this section" in first sentence. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (d)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(4)(A)(i), substituted "protected" for "Federal interest" in introductory provisions. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(4)(A)(ii), substituted "that use by or for the financial institution or the Government" for "the use of the financial institution's operation or the Government's operation of such computer". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(4)(A)(iii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "which is one of two or more computers used in committing the offense, not all of which are located in the same State;". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (e)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(4)(B)–(D), added pars. (8) and (9). (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (e), (9)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §604(b)(36)(C), substituted "violation of this section" for "violation of the section". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (g)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §201(5), struck out ", other than a violation of subsection (a)(5)(B)," before "may maintain a civil action" and substituted "involving damage as defined in subsection (e)(8)(A)" for "of any subsection other than subsection (a)(5)(A)(ii)(II)(bb) or (a)(5)(B)(ii)(II)(bb)". (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (g)
• Pub. L. 104–294, §604(b)(36)(D), substituted "subsection (a)(5)" for "section 1030(a)(5) of title 18, United States Code" before period at end. (Economic Espionage Act of 1996) Law text · (h)

1994

• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(f), inserted "adversely" before "affects the use of the Government's". · (a)
• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(b), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "intentionally accesses a Federal interest computer without authorization, and by means of one or more instances of such conduct alters, damages, or destroys information in any suc… · (a)
• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(c)(2), inserted "(A)" after "(a)(5)". · (c)
• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(c)(1), (3), (4), added par. (4). · (c)
• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(d), added subsec. (g). · (g)
• Pub. L. 103–322, §290001(e), added subsec. (h). · (h)

1990

• Pub. L. 101–647, §3533, substituted "paragraph y" for "paragraph r". · (a)
• Pub. L. 101–647, §1205(e), inserted "commonwealth," before "possession or territory of the United States". · (e)
• Pub. L. 101–647, §2597(j)(2), which directed substitution of a semicolon for a period at end of subpar. (G), could not be executed because it ended with a semicolon. · (e)
• Pub. L. 101–647, §2597(j), added subpars. (H) and (I). · (e), (I)

1989

• Pub. L. 101–73, §962(a)(5)(A), substituted "an institution," for "a bank". · (e)
• Pub. L. 101–73, §962(a)(5)(B), (C), redesignated subpars. (D) to (H) as (C) to (G), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "an institution with accounts insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation;". · (e)

1988

• Pub. L. 100–690 inserted a comma after "financial institution" and struck out the comma that followed a comma after "title 15". · (a)

1986

• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(b)(2), struck out last sentence which read as follows: "It is not an offense under paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection in the case of a person having accessed a computer with authorization and using the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such … · (a)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(c), substituted "or exceeds authorized access" for ", or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorization does not extend". · (a)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(a), (c), substituted "intentionally" for "knowingly", substituted "or exceeds authorized access" for ", or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorization does not extend", struck ou… · (a)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(b)(1), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "knowingly accesses a computer without authorization, or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorizat… · (a)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(d), added pars. (4) to (6). · (a)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(e), struck out par. (1) designation and par. (2) which provided a penalty for persons conspiring to commit an offense under subsec. (a). · (b)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(9), substituted "(b)" for "(b)(1)" in introductory text. · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(1), substituted "under this title" for "of not more than the greater of $10,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense". · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(2), substituted "under this title" for "of not more than the greater of $100,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense". · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(3), (4), substituted "under this title" for "of not more than the greater of $5,000 or twice the value obtained or loss created by the offense" and inserted reference to subsec. (a)(6). · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(3), (5)–(7), substituted "under this title" for "of not more than the greater of $10,000 or twice the value obtained or loss created by the offense", "not more than" for "not than", inserted reference to subsec. (a)(6), and substituted "; and" for the period… · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(f)(8), added par. (3). · (c)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(g), substituted a dash for the comma after "As used in this section", realigned remaining portion of subsection, inserted "(1)" before "the term", substituted a semicolon for the period at the end, and added pars. (2) to (7). · (e)
• Pub. L. 99–474, §2(h), added subsec. (f). · (f)